Protodeacon James Hughes
As we approach Great Lent, the
time given to us specifically for repentance, the Church gives us a whole host
of images to help us. St. John of Kronstadt teaches that:
“Imagery or symbols are a
necessity of human nature in our presently spiritually sensual condition; they
explain [by the vision] many things belonging to the spiritual world which we
could not know without images and symbols.”
We need pictures to help us
think, to help us digest and understand the truths given to us. What St. Andrew
of Crete does in the Great Canon written by him, is to being to remembrance
many characters of the Old Testament and a few from the New Testament. In
earlier times, people knew the scriptures much more than we do. Mention a name
like Korah, Datham, Hophni or Phinehas and many people would be able to tell
you all about them. When they heard these names in St. Andrew’s canon, they had
the opportunity to be struck in the heart and brought to repentance.
Unfortunately, we are not that scripturally literate so the names can just fly
by and not mean anything to us. We could be virtually untouched by the canon.
The reason for this talk is to at least start us on the way to knowing to whom
St. Andrew is referring.
However, we need to do more than
simply know who all those people are. We need to take the canon personally.
Their sins and failings are our sins and failings. That St. Andrew expects us
to approach the canon personally is clear from the way he writes it.
Adam and Eve
The first people mentioned are,
understandably, Adam and Eve. In Canticle One we read:
“I have rivaled in
transgression Adam the first-formed man, and I have found myself stripped naked
of God, of the eternal kingdom and its joy, because of my sins.
And:
“Instead of the visible Eve, I
have the Eve of the mind: the passionate thought in my flesh, showing me what
seems sweet; yet whenever I taste from it, I find it bitter.”
It is interesting that St. Andrew
refers to Eve as the mind. Last week, on March 16/29, in the For Consideration
section of the Prologue, there is a quote from St. Hesychius which reads: “If
you make yourself fulfill [God's commandments] in thought, you will rarely find
it necessary to toil over the fulfilling of them in action.”
So in the beginning of the canon,
St. Andrew, through mentioning Adam and Eve tells us of the results of sin
(separation from eternal life) and the cause of sin (turning from God in our
thinking). St. John of Kronstadt teaches that we do not actually think with our
mind. The thoughts we have are generated in our hearts, or are the result of
suggestions by the devil. One of the things which the elder Simeon told the
Mother of God was that her child “shall be spoken against, that the thoughts of
many hearts may be revealed.”
In the prayer read at Midnight
office on Sunday morning, there is a phrase which reads something like “I have
become a slave to pleasure through slothfulness of mind”. I have even seen a
warning on a bumper sticker which read, “Don’t believe everything you think”.
If we believe everything we think, and, in our laziness, do not weigh our
thoughts against the commandments of Christ, we become enslaved. By being aware
of our thoughts, we can come to know what lies in our heart. We may not like
what we come to know, but such is the spiritual life.
Perhaps the rest of the Old
Testament figures mentioned in the canon could be seen as symbolizing the
various ways in which we sin against God, in thought word, and deed.
Cain
Cain was half-hearted in his
devotions and sacrifice toward God. He didn’t give his best. He gave lip
service, empty words, to God; he did not give his heart. He knew that the
sacrifice he was making was only an outward show, but “killed” his conscience by
not listening to it.
Next mentioned is Cain, the first
son of Adam and Eve.
“By my own free choice I have
incurred the guilt of Cain’s murder. I have killed my conscience, bringing the
flesh to life and making war upon the soul by my wicked actions.”
However, God was not mocked; He
saw the shallowness of Cain’s efforts and therefore did not accept the
sacrifice and reward Cain.
Abel
Of course, Cain is mentioned in
contrast to his brother Abel, who offered to God an unblemished lamb. St.
Andrew writes:
“O Jesus, I have not been like
Abel in his righteousness. Never have I offered Thee acceptable gifts or godly
actions, a pure sacrifice or a life unblemished.”
Some interpreters of the story of
Cain and Abel see Cain’s sin as not offering the correct kind of sacrifice; he
offered the fruits of his garden, not a lamb as did Abel. This is missing the
point. God, of course wants our hearts. Our responsibility is to give our best
in all we do.
Cain’s sin could more correctly
be seen as jealously which led to murder. Jealousy comes when we are ungrateful
and have not given with a sincere and humble heart. When we feel jealous, it is
a sign that we got caught in our ingratitude and we don’t like it. We got
caught trying to give our second best but still expecting to receive the best
reward. We kill our conscience which tries to tell us that our disappointment
is our own fault. Of course, our disappointment, our dissatisfaction, must be
someone’s fault so we turn on our brother.
We probably do not murder
outwardly as did Cain, but we all know the judgments and anger that accompany
jealousy. Our Lord tells us in the sermon on the mount that, “Ye have heard
that it was said of them of old time ‘Thou shalt not kill’… But I say unto you
“Whosoever shall be angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment.”
Mention the school children. Cain
and Abel mean “I can’t” and “I am able”. When one of them is not putting their
heart in their works, we simply need to ask Cain? or Abel?
Canticle Two
Lamech (descendent of Cain)
In Canticle two, we hear of
Lamech. There are a few Lamechs in the Old Testament. This one was a descendant
of Cain. Cain had a son named Enoch, and, according to Genesis 4:17, built a
city and named it after his son. Enoch had a son named Irad, Irad had a son
named Mehujael. Mehujael had a son named Methusael (not to be confused with
Methuselah). Finally, Methusael had a son named Lamech.
Lamech’s sin was, like Cain,
murder. Whereas Cain killed one person, Lamech kills two people – an older man
and a young man. The canon reads:
“To whom shall I liken thee, O
soul of many sins? Alas! to Cain and to Lamech. For thou hast stoned thy body
to death with thine evil deeds, and killed thy mind with thy disordered
longings.
“Through sin, a man ends up
destroying his own soul, (the man) and his mind (the young man).”
St. Andrew then mentions four
righteous men.
“Call to mind, my soul, all
who lived before the Law. Thou hast not been like Seth, or followed Enos or
Enoch, who was translated to heaven, or Noah; but thou art found destitute,
without a share in the life of the righteous.”
Seth was a son of Adam and Eve
born after Abel had been murdered and Cain had been cast away. Seth had a son
named Enos. The last verse of the fourth chapter of Genesis reads:
“And to Seth, to him also
there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon
the name of the Lord.”
Enos had a son named Cainan.
Cainan had a son named Mahalaleel. Mahalaleel had a son named Jared, in turn
had a son named Enoch. This second Enoch did not die as men normally do. When
he was three hundred five years old, he was “translated.”
I cannot tell you exactly what
“translated” means, but Enoch was true to the meaning of his name “dedicated”.
The scriptures say: “Enoch walked with God: and he was not, for God took him”
(Genesis 5:24). Enoch had a very famous son, the oldest recorded person in
history -Methuselah.
We have now been introduced to
two people named Enoch. The first Enoch was Cain’s son. He was dedicated to
this world, symbolized by his connection to a worldly city. The second Enoch
was the one mentioned by St. Andrew, who was dedicated to God and was found
worthy to enter the heavenly city.
Noah
The fourth righteous man
mentioned in canticle two is Noah. We all know Noah. He was a righteous man in
the midst of a very unrighteous society. Only Noah and his wife, his three sons
and their wives survived the Great Flood.
Canticle Three
Lot
Canticle three begins with a
reference to Lot, Abraham’s nephew and the son of Abraham’s brother, Haran.
Apparently, Haran had died and Abraham was looking after Lot in Haran’s place.
The reference to Lot in the canon
is:
“O my soul, flee
like Lot to the mountains, and take refuge in Zoar
before it is too late. Flee from the flames, my soul, flee from the burning
heat of Sodom, flee from the destruction by the fire of God.”
This verse of the canon is in
reference to the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Three angels
were sent by God to destroy these cities for their extreme wickedness. However,
before destroying the cities, angels first went to visit Abraham who was living
on the Plain of Mamre, not too far from Sodom and Gomorrah. Abraham offered
them wonderful hospitality. It was during this visit that the angels told
Abraham and Sarah (99 and 89 years old at the time) that Sarah would bear a son
who would be called Isaac. This incident is the inspiration behind the icon we
know of as “The Hospitality of Abraham.”
When the angels told Abraham that
they were on their way to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, Abraham realized that his
nephew lived there and asked the angels if they would destroy the cities if
they found fifty good people there. They said, “No.” Abraham kept questioning
the angels, lowering the number of righteous people required to warrant a
reprieve. The angels finally agreed that if ten righteous people were in the
cities they would not destroy them.
As it turned out, only four good
people were found – Lot and his wife and two daughters. The angels told them to
flee to the mountains and not turn back. This is when Lot’s wife disobeyed and
turned back. She turned into a pillar of salt. It is very possible that the
site of Sodom and Gomorrah is now covered by the Dead Sea.
Toward the end of Canticle three
there are more references to Lot. We are urged:
“Do not look back, my soul,
and so be turned into a pillar of salt. Fear the example of the people of
Sodom, and take refuge in Zoar. Flee, my soul, like, Lot, from the burning of
sin; flee from Sodom and Gomorrah; flee from the flame of every brutish desire.”
Lot escaped destruction because
he fled from temptation and did not look back. So often we entertain sinful
thoughts, thinking we can then discard them at will. The Fathers of the Church
urge us not to attempt to fight temptation by our own strength but to
immediately flee to Christ.
The wickedness of Sodom and
Gomorrah is generally considered to center around unrestrained sexual desire
which leads to depravity. This is clear from the narrative as given in Genesis
19 and also from the reference made in the epistle of St. Jude.
Canticle three also refers to the
three sons of Noah: Shem, Ham and Japheth.
“O my soul, thou
hast followed Ham, who mocked his father. Thou hast not covered thy neighbor’s
shame, walking backwards with averted face. O wretched soul, thou hast not
inherited the blessing of Shem, nor hast thou received, like Japheth, a
spacious domain in the land of forgiveness.”
These verses refer to an incident
that happened some time after the ark had landed and Noah had planted a
vineyard. He was affected by the fermented grape juice and was found in an
embarrassing position. His son, Ham, saw him and made fun of his father in
front of Shem and Japheth. Unlike Ham, Shem and Japheth did their best to
shield their father and “cover his sin”. Ham’s sin was mocking the faults and
weakness of others. In the Prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian, which we say many
times during Lent, we beg God to prevent us from committing this serious sin.
“Yea, O Lord, King, grant me
to see my failing and not condemn my brother, for blessed art Thou unto the
ages of ages.”
When Noah realized what had
happened, he cursed the descendants of Ham and blessed the descendants of Shem
and Japheth.
Abraham
Canticle three also refers to
Abraham:
“O my soul, depart
from sin, from the land of Haran, and come to the land that Abraham inherited,
which flows with incorruption and eternal life.”
Abraham probably does not need
too much of an introduction. Abraham was apparently born in Ur, a city in
Mesopotamia. After the death of Haran, Abraham’s brother, his father Terah
moved his family north to a city known as Haran (perhaps named after Terah’s
son). This became their new home. When Abraham was seventy-five, God told him
to, “Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father’s
house, unto a land that I will show thee.”
So far, we have been presented
with two righteous men who were told to leave the place they were living. This,
of course, symbolizes the fact that we have ingrained ways of thinking and
perceiving that need to be left behind. Prayer and the examination of our own
thoughts and perceptions are required of us in the spiritual life. This is part
of leaving the old man and allowing Christ to make us new. We venture beyond
our own “self-image” into the spiritual unknown, relying on God.
Ishmael
“Thou hast heard, O my soul,
be watchful! How Ishmael was driven out as the child of a bondwoman. Take heed,
lest the same thing happen to thee because of thy lust. O my soul, thou hast
become like Hagar, the Egyptian; thy free choice has been enslaved, and thou
hast borne as thy child a new Ishmael, stubborn willfulness.”
Abraham was married to Sarah who
was barren. At Sarah’s suggestion, Abraham had a son by Sarah’s maid, Hagar,
and this son is Ishmael. Egypt is usually a symbol of evil, or of the
passionate, unregenerate life. Thoughts and actions which arise from the passionate
in us enslave us. This is a reoccurring theme in the canon.
Canticle Four
Jacob
“Thou knowest, my soul, the
ladder that was shown to Jacob, reaching up from earth to heaven. Why hast thou
not provided a firm foundation for it through thy godly actions.”
Leah and Rachel
“By the two wives, understand
action and knowledge in contemplation. Leah is action, for she had many
children; and Rachel is knowledge, for she endured great toil. And without
toil, 0 my soul, neither action nor contemplation will succeed.”
Once again, we are enjoined to be
watchful rather than slothful with our thoughts. If you remember, Jacob had to
work for his uncle, Laban, for seven years in order to marry Rachel. He was
given Leah instead, so he worked another seven years for Rachel.
Esau
“Thou hast rivaled Esau the
hated, 0 my soul, and given the birthright of thy first beauty to the
supplanter; thou hast lost thy father’s blessing and in thy wretchedness been
twice supplanted, in action and in knowledge. Therefore now repent.”
Do you recall how Esau lost his
birthright to Jacob? He came home from an unsuccessful hunting trip very hungry
and asked Jacob for a bowl of lentil soup. Jacob said he would give Esau the
soup if Esau, in turn, would give him the birthright. Esau, so unwilling to
suffer a little, traded his birthright in order to appease his appetite. This
is a good lesson for lent.
Canticle Five
Reuben
“In my misery I have followed
Reuben’s example, and have devised a wicked and unlawful plan against the most
high God, defiling my bed as he defiled his father’s.”
Joseph
“I confess to Thee, 0 Christ
my King: I have sinned, I have sinned like the brethren of Joseph, who once
sold the fruit of purity and chastity. As a figure of the Lord, 0 my soul, the
righteous and gentle Joseph was sold into bondage by his brethren; but thou
hast sold thyself entirely to sin.”
Moses
“O miserable soul, thou hast
not struck and killed the Egyptian mind, as did Moses the great. Tell me, then,
how wilt thou go to dwell through repentance in the wilderness empty of
passions? Moses the great went to dwell in the desert. Come, seek to follow his
way of life, my soul, that in contemplation thou mayest attain the vision of
God in the bush.”
These passages, of course, refer
to the time when while still a prominent man in Egypt, saw an Egyptian guard
beating an Israelite. Moses killed the guard, thinking no one had seen him…. In
this passage we see an example of Egypt, and Egyptians, as symbols of the old,
unregenerated man.
Korah, Datham, Abiram, Aaron,
Hophni and Phinehas
“Aaron offered to God fire
that was blameless and undefiled, but Hophni and Phinehas brought to Him, as
thou hast done, my soul, strange fire and a polluted life.” (Then in
Canticle six) “Like Datham and Abiram, O my soul, thou hast become a
stranger to Thy Lord; but with all thy heart cry out ‘spare me,’ that the earth
may not open and swallow thee up.”
Korah, Datham and Abiram were the
leaders of a revolt against Moses. When the Israelites were but a short
distance from the Promised Land, Moses sent six pair of men, one man from each
tribe, as “spies” into the Promised Land. They were to get a sense of the
people who inhabited the land and of the land itself. Five pair, (ten men)
returned with glowing reports of the land, but told Moses that the people were
strong and fierce, with many chariots. It would be impossible to defeat them.
Only one pair, Joshua and Caleb, said that although it was true that the people
were great, the Israelites could conquer them with God’s help. When the
Israelites shouted down Joshua and Caleb and despaired of entering into the new
land, God told them that they would wander in the desert for 40 years, until
they were all dead. Of the 600,000 people who initially left Egypt, only Joshua
and Caleb actually entered the Promised Land.
God told Moses to lead the people
south, away from the Promised Land. This is when Korah and his friends lead a
revolt. God responded to their revolt by opening the earth which swallowed
them. All their families were also killed. When the rest of the Israelites saw
what had happened, they blamed Moses and spoke against him, God then sent a
plague to kill the people. Aaron, however, took a censer and ran among the
people, making atonement for them. The plague then stopped.
The reference to Hophni and
Phinehas concerns the two sons of the priest, Eli. As sons of the priest, they
had privileges and responsibilities in the temple. The sons greatly misused
their position to steal from the people and do all kinds of immoral things. Eli
knew what was happening but did nothing but verbally scold his sons. A prophet
told Eli that his sons would be killed for their evil. When Eli was told his
sons had been killed by the Philistines, he fell backwards and died also.
Although the reference to Eli is
in the next canticle we will quote it here.
Eli, the Priest
“Thou hast drawn upon thyself,
0 my soul, the condemnation of Eli, the priest: thoughtlessly thou hast allowed
the passions to work evil within thee, just as he permitted his children to
commit transgressions.”
Canticle Six
Ephraim (raging as a maddened
heifer)?
Joshua, the son of Nun
“Like Joshua, the son of Nun,
search and spy out, my soul, the land of thine inheritance and take up thy
dwelling within it, through obedience to the law. Rise up and make war against
the passions of the flesh, as Joshua against Amalek, ever gaining the victory
over the Gibeonites, thy deceitful thoughts.”
This is a reference to Joshua’s
work as one of the twelve spies sent into the Promised Land. We are given a
foretaste of heaven when we are faithful to God.
Joshua against the Amalekites
(descendants of Esau) was the battle shortly before the Israelites reached
Mount Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments.
The reference to the Gibeonites
concerns something that happened after the Israelites had entered the Promised
Land under the leadership of Joshua. The Israelites had conquered Jericho and
the city of Ai and as a result, the surrounding peoples were very afraid of
them. The people of Gibeon devised a plan to join forces with several other
kingdoms in order to defeat the Israelites. Some of the men of Gibeon dressed
themselves in rags, gathered some old dry bread and dried out wineskins and
pretended to be emissaries from a distant country. The told a story about how
they had heard of the wonders of the Israelites and were seeking to be their
servants. The leaders of Israel, including Joshua, were deceived. The
scriptures say that, “And the men took of their victuals (believed in the outer
appearance), and asked not counsel at the mouth of the Lord.”
Joshua finally realized the plot,
gathered his armies together and did battle with the opposing kingdoms. It was
a very long and difficult battle, so long in fact that Joshua had to pray that
the sun stop in the sky so he would have enough time to win.
Manoah
“O my soul, thou hast heard
how Manoah of old beheld the Lord in a vision, and then received from his
barren wife the fruit of God’s promise. Let us imitate him in his devotion.”
Manoah was the father of Samson.
Samson
“Emulating Samson’s
slothfulness, O my soul, thou hast been shorn of the glory of thy works, and
through love of pleasure thou hast betrayed thy life to the alien Philistines,
surrendering thy chastity and blessedness.”
Once again we are given an
example of the enslavement which follows slothfulness.
Barak and Jepthah with Deborah
“Barak and Jepthah the
captains, with Deborah who had a man’s courage, were chosen as judges of
Israel. Learn bravery from their mighty acts, O my soul, and be strong.”
Part of “see-saw days” after the
death of Joshua. The Israelites did evil in the sight of the Lord and as a
result they were conquered by another nation, this time by Jabin, King of the
Canaanites. Deborah, a prophetess was the judge of Israel. She called together
two good men Barak and Jepthat and they inspired the people to repent and
regain their freedom.
Jael, who pierced Sisera
“O my soul, thou knowest the
manly courage of Jael, who of old pierced Sisera through his temple and brought
salvation to Israel with the nail of her tent. In this thou mayest see a
prefiguring of the Cross.”
Sisera was the captain of the
armies of Canaan. When the Israelites routed the armies of Canaan, this Sisera
fled on foot. He went to the Kenites with whom the Canaanites were at peace and
was invited into the house of a man named Heber. Heber’s wife, Jael, knew the
whole situation and as Sisera was resting, she took a nail and hammered it into
his head. This made the defeat of the Canaanites complete.
Gideon
“O my soul,
consider the fleece of Gideon, and receive the dew from heaven; bend down like
a hart and drink the water that flows from the Law, when its letter is wrung
out for thee through study.”
Hannah and her son Samuel
“Hannah, who lovest
self-restraint and chastity, when speaking to God moved her lips in praise, but
her voice was not heard; and he who was barren bore a son worthy of her
prayer.”
“Great Samuel, son of Hannah,
was born at Ramah and brought up in the house of the Lord; and he was numbered
among the judges of Israel. Eagerly follow his example, O my soul, and before
thou judgest others, judge thine own works.”
Canticle Seven
Saul
“When Saul once lost his
father’s asses, in searching for them he found himself proclaimed as king. But
watch, my soul, lest unknown to thyself thou prefer thine animal appetites to
the Kingdom of Christ.”
David
“David, the forefather of God,
once sinned doubly, pierced with the arrow of adultery and the spear of murder.
But thou, my soul, art more gravely sick than he. For worse than any acts are
the impulses of thy will, David once joined sin to sin, adding murder to
fornication; yet then he showed at once a twofold repentance. But thou, my
soul, hast done worse things than he, yet thou hast not repented before God.”
Uzzah
“When the ark was being
carried in a cart and the ox stumbled, Uzzah did no more than touch it, but the
wrath of God smote him. O my soul, flee from his presumption and respect with
reverence the things of God.”
While Saul was king and Eli was
high priest, the Ark of the Covenant was stolen by the Philistines, the
archenemy of the Israelites. When the Ark was brought into the Philistine’s
temple where their idol was kept, the idol fell and was smashed. The Ark caused
the Philistines all kinds of difficulties so they put it on a cart drawn by two
oxen, and pointed the oxen toward Jerusalem. The oxen did not make it all the
way to Jerusalem, but stopped about 7 miles short, at the house of a man named,
Abinadab. There it stayed there until David was crowned king.
Shortly after being crowned king,
David started making plans to return the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem. It
was put in a cart drawn by two oxen. At one point the cart seemed to be tipping
so Uzzah, one of the sons of Abinadab, stretched out his hand to steady the
Ark. He was immediately killed.
Absalom and Ahitophel
“Thou hast heard of Absalom,
and how he rebelled against nature; thou knowest of the unholy deeds by which
he defiled his father David’s bed. Yet thou hast followed him in his passionate
and sensual desires.
“Thy free dignity, O my soul,
thou hast subjected to thy body; for thou hast found in the enemy another
Ahitophel, and hast agreed to all his counsels. But Christ Himself has brought
them to nothing and saved thee from them all.”
Absalom was one of the sons of
David and was well respected. The Scriptures say of him: in all Israel there
was none to be so much praised as Absalom for his beauty: from the sole of his
foot to the crown of his head there was no blemish in him.” However, Absalom’s
goodness and beauty were all on the outside. Inside he was full of pride,
ambition and deceit. He rebelled and fought against his father.
Ahitophel was one of David’s
counselors, and like Absalom, was highly respected. When Absalom decided to
turn on his father and take over the throne, Ahitophel joined him. Together
they forced David to leave Jerusalem. Ahitophel wanted to immediately pursue
David before he (David) had time to gather those faithful to him. Through a
series of events, Ahitophel was delayed and David rebuilt his forces. When
Ahitophel saw that he was to be defeated, he set his house in order and hung
himself.
We see here a foreshadowing of
events which were to take place in the life of Christ almost a thousand years
later. Judas betrayed Christ, just as Ahitophel betrayed David, the king. Both
Judas and Ahitophel hung themselves. Psalm 54, which is read at Sixth Hour
refers to these events:
“For if mine enemy had reviled
me, I might have endured it. And if he that hateth me had spoken boastful words
against me I might have hid myself from him. But thou it was, O man of like
soul with me, me guide and my familiar friend, thou who together with me didst
sweeten my repasts; in the house of God I walked with thee in oneness of mind.”
Solomon
“Solomon the wonderful, who
was full of the grace of wisdom, once did evil in the sight of heaven and
turned away from God. Thou hast become like him, my soul, through thy accursed
life.”
Rehoboam
“O my soul, thou hast rivaled
Rehoboam, who paid no attention to his father’s counselors, and Jeroboam, that
evil servant and renegade of old. But flee from their example and cry to God: I
have sinned, take pity on me.”
Rehoboam was a son of Solomon who
became the King of Judah. Some representatives of the northern tribes came to
him asking for lower taxes. Rehoboam told them that he would give his answer in
three days. He spoke with his father’s counselors who advised him to be
merciful. He then spoke with some men his own age who advised him to make the
taxes even greater. He listened to the younger men, who suggested that he tell
the people. “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to your yoke; my
father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions”
Jeroboam was the first king of
the northern kingdom, of the Kingdom of Israel. He gained his position through
treason and encouraged the worship of idols.
Ahab, Jezebel and Eliiah and
Zarephath
“Heaven is closed to thy, my
soul, and a famine from God has seized thee; for thou hast been disobedient, as
Ahab was to the words of Elijah the Tishbite. But imitate the widow Zarepheth
and feed the prophet’s soul.”
Ahab was one of the kings of
Israel. If you remember, after Solomon’s rule the kingdom was divided into the
Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. Ahab and
his wife, Jezebel encouraged the worship of many different idols. The prophet
Elijah, who is also mentioned in the canon, was constantly in opposition to
them. Elijah was so enraged by the blasphemers of Ahab that he prayed to God
that it would not rain for three and a half years.
At one point Elijah fled because
Ahab was going to kill him. God told Elijah to go to a certain widow,
Zarephath. He met the widow gathering sticks in preparation for a last meal for
her son and herself.
Christ referred to Elias and
Zarephath, as recorded in Luke 4:25-26
Hezekiah and Manasseh
(mentioned in other services)
“My days have vanished as the
dream of one awaking; and so, like Hezekiah, I weep upon my bed, that years may
be added to my life. But what Isaiah will come to thee, my soul, except the God
of all?
“By deliberate choice, my
soul, thou hast incurred the guilt of Manasseh, setting up the passions as
idols and multiplying abominations. But with fervent heart emulate his
repentance and acquire compunction.”
Hezekiah was one of the kings of
Judah, whose capital was Jerusalem. Hezekiah was one of the good kings. He
destroyed the idols that had been erected. However, at one point Jerusalem was
being besieged by the Assyrians who were conquering all the surrounding area
and Hezekiah was despairing. The servants of Hezekiah sought help from the
prophet Isaiah. Isaiah prophesied that Jerusalem would be spared; that God
would disburse the Assyrians. Hezekiah begged God for mercy and in the morning
the citizens of Jerusalem looked over the city walls and saw 185,000 dead
Assyrians.
Later when Hezekiah was very
sick, Isaiah came to him and told him that he should set his house in order for
he was indeed going to die. Hezekiah wept upon his bed and begged again God for
mercy. The Lord heard him and granted him fifteen more years of life.
Manasseh was a son of Hezekiah,
and therefore the next king of Judah. However, he restored the idols and was
very wicked, building altars for idols in the temple itself. Once again God had
to send punishment upon the people; the Assyrians captured Manasseh and took
him to Babylon. There Manasseh humbled himself before God and repented. When
Manasseh was released from Babylon, he tore down the idols he had previously
erected and restored the temple to its proper use.
Canticle Eight
Gehazi
“O wretched soul, always thou
hast imitated the polluted thoughts of Gehazi. Cast from thee, at least in
thine old age, his love for money. Flee from the fire of hell, turn away from
thy wickedness.”
Gehazi was the servant of the
prophet Elisha. Elisha had healed a man named Naaman of leprosy. When Naaman
wanted to give Elisha some money, the prophet refused. After Naaman left,
Gehazi thought of a way to get some money for himself. He ran after Naaman and
made up a story about Elisha having a few visitors and needing some money.
Naaman gave two talents to Gehazi. Gehazi thought he had made some easy money,
but when he returned to Elisha, the prophet knew what he had done and
prophesied that the leprosy of Naaman would now come upon Gehazi.
Christ referred to this incident
as recorded in Luke 4:27.
Uzziah
“Thou hast followed Uzziah, my
soul, and hast his leprosy in double form; for thy thoughts are wicked, and
thine acts unlawful. Leave what thou hast done, and hasten to repentance.”
Uzziah was one of the kings of
Judah and reigned very well, conquering the pagan nations as God had directed
and making many improvements in the kingdom. “But when he was strong, his heart
was lifted up to his destruction” He decided one day that he could act as one
of the priests and burn incense upon the altar of incense. The priests and
several rulers confronted Uzziah but he rebuked them. As Uzziah continued to
swing the censer in violation of the Law, his face was covered with leprosy. He
died a leper.
Also mentioned are Jonah and the
men of Nineveh who repented; Jeremiah, in the muddy pit; and Daniel with the
three holy children in the furnace.
